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Klebsiella pneumoniae  is the predominant pathogen isolated from liver abscess of diabetic patients in Asian countries. With the spread of multiple-drug-resistant  K. pneumoniae , there is an increasing need for the development of alternative bactericides and approaches to block the production of bacterial virulence factors. Capsular polysaccharide (CPS), especially from the K1 and K2 serotypes, is considered the major determinant for  K. pneumoniae  virulence. We found that extracts of the traditional Chinese medicine  Fructus mume  inhibited the growth of  K. pneumoniae  strains of both serotypes. Furthermore,  Fructus mume  decreased the mucoviscosity, and the CPS produced in a dose-dependent manner, thus reducing bacterial resistance to serum killing. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that  Fructus mume  downregulated the mRNA levels of  cps  biosynthesis genes in both serotypes, possibly by increasing the intracellular iron concentration in  K. pneumoniae . Moreover, citric acid, a major organic acid in  Fructus mume  extracts, was found to have an inhibitory effect on growth and CPS biosynthesis in  K. pneumoniae . Taken together, our results indicate that  Fructus mume  not only possesses antibacterial activity against highly virulent  K. pneumoniae  strains but also inhibits bacterial CPS biosynthesis, thereby facilitating pathogen clearance by the host immune system.

Inhibition ofKlebsiella pneumoniaeGrowth and Capsular Polysaccharide Biosynthesis byFructus mume