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After maternal intake, nicotine crosses the placental barrier and causes severe embryonic disorders and fetal death. In this study, we investigated whether   β  -carotene has a beneficial effect against nicotine-induced teratogenesis in mouse embryos (embryonic day 8.5) cultured for 48 h in a whole embryo culture system. Embryos exposed to nicotine (1 mM) exhibited severe morphological anomalies and apoptotic cell death, as well as increased levels of TNF-  α  , IL-1  β  , and caspase 3 mRNAs, and lipid peroxidation. The levels of cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase (SOD), mitochondrial manganese-dependent SOD, cytosolic glutathione peroxidase (GPx), phospholipid hydroperoxide GPx, hypoxia inducible factor 1  α  , and Bcl- x    L   mRNAs decreased, and SOD activity was reduced compared to the control group. However, when   β  -carotene (1 × 10 −7  or 5 × 10 −7   μ M) was present in cultures of embryos exposed to nicotine, these parameters improved significantly. These findings indicate that   β  -carotene effectively protects against nicotine-induced teratogenesis in mouse embryos through its antioxidative, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory activities.

evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine

Antiteratogenic Effects of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">β</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>-Carotene in Cultured Mouse Embryos Exposed to Nicotine

Antiteratogenic Effects ofβ-Carotene in Cultured Mouse Embryos Exposed to Nicotine