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Background . Dendritic cells regulate immune responses to microbial products and play a key role in ulcerative colitis (UC) pathology. We determined the immunomodulatory effects of probiotic strain  Lactobacillus casei  Shirota (LcS) on human DC from healthy controls and active UC patients.  Methods . Human blood DC from healthy controls (control-DC) and UC patients (UC-DC) were conditioned with heat-killed LcS and used to stimulate allogeneic T cells in a 5-day mixed leucocyte reaction.  Results . UC-DC displayed a reduced stimulatory capacity for T cells ( P  < 0.05) and enhanced expression of skin-homing markers CLA and CCR4 on stimulated T cells ( P  < 0.05) that were negative for gut-homing marker  β 7. LcS treatment restored the stimulatory capacity of UC-DC, reflecting that of control-DC. LcS treatment conditioned control-DC to induce CLA on T cells in conjunction with  β 7, generating a multihoming profile, but had no effects on UC-DC. Finally, LcS treatment enhanced DC ability to induce TGF β  production by T cells in controls but not UC patients.  Conclusions . We demonstrate a systemic, dysregulated DC function in UC that may account for the propensity of UC patients to develop cutaneous manifestations. LcS has multifunctional immunoregulatory activities depending on the inflammatory state; therapeutic effects reported in UC may be due to promotion of homeostasis.

Dysregulated Circulating Dendritic Cell Function in Ulcerative Colitis Is Partially Restored by Probiotic StrainLactobacillus caseiShirota