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Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major cause of end-stage kidney disease, and therefore early diagnosis and intervention may help reverse renal damage. One hundred and sixty-eight patients with T2DM and 56 healthy volunteers (control group) were enrolled at Shandong University Qilu Hospital between April 2010 and October 2012. All subjects underwent blood sampling for sera homocysteine (Hcy) and cystatin C (Cys C) assays and a urine microalbumin test. The patients were divided into three groups according to the urine microalbumin excretion rate (UMAER): the simple DM group (SDM group,  n  = 51), the early-stage DN group (EDN group,  n  = 60), and the clinical DN and renal failure group (CDN group,  n  = 57). Correlation analysis was performed to examine the association between sera Hcy and Cys C levels with UMAER. Our findings showed that sera Hcy level, Cys C level, and UMAER increased significantly in the SDM group ( P  < 0.05,  P  < 0.01), the EDN group ( P  < 0.01), and the CDN group ( P  < 0.01) as compared with the control group. These three biochemical markers also increased significantly with DN progression ( P  < 0.01). Correlation analysis showed that sera Hcy and Cys C levels were positively correlated with UMAER ( r  = 0.702,  P  < 0.01;  r  = 0.873,  P  < 0.01). In conclusion, our results showed that sera Hcy and Cys C levels increased consistently with the development and progression of DN as indicated by UMAER. Sera Hcy and Cys C are sensitive biomarkers for the detection of early-stage DN and monitoring its progression.

isrn endocrinology

Diagnostic Value of the Combined Measurement of Serum Hcy, Serum Cys C, and Urinary Microalbumin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Early Complicating Diabetic Nephropathy