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We initially attempted to isolate a  Vibrio cholerae  O1 El Tor biotype that carries a novel variant of the cholera toxin gene ( ctxAB ) from environmental waters of Indonesia, where the seventh cholera pandemic by  V. cholerae  O1 El Tor biotype began. Nested PCR targeting the gene revealed that a total of eight strains were found to carry  ctxAB . However, sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes of these isolates showed they were not  V. cholerae  but were either  Klebsiella ,  Enterobacter ,  Pantoea , or  Aeromonas . Subsequent nested PCR assays targeting all genes known to be encoded on the CTX phage (i.e.,  zot ,  ace ,  orfU ,  cep ,  rstB ,  rstA , and  rstR ) showed that one isolate belonged to the  Enterobacter  genus carried all the genes tested, while the other isolates lacked either 2, 3, or 5 of the genes. This evidence suggests that phages with  ctxAB  are genetically diverse and can infect not only  V. cholerae  and  V. mimicus  but also other species and genera in the form of a pseudolysogen.

Serendipitous Isolation of Non-VibrioBacterial Strains Carrying the Cholera Toxin Gene from Environmental Waters in Indonesia