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Purpose . To use the meta-analytic approach to examine the effects of diet (D), aerobic exercise (E), or both (DE) on non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) in adults.  Methods . Randomized controlled trials in adults ≥18 years of age were included. A mixed-effect model was used to combine effect size (ES) results within each subgroup and to compare subgroups ( Q    b  ). Heterogeneity was examined using the  Q  and  I   2  statistics, and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were also calculated. Statistical significance was set at  P  ≤ 0.05, while a trend for statistical significance was set between  P  > 0.05, and ≤0.10.  Results . A statistically significant exercise minus control group decrease in non-HDL-C was found for DE (7 ESs, 389 participants,x  ¯   =  -  11.1     mg/dL, 95%  CI = −21.7 to −0.6,  P  = 0.04,  Q  = 2.4,  P  = 0.88,  I   2  = 0%), a trend for the D group (7 ESs, 402 participants,x  ¯   =  −  8.5     mg/dL, 95%  CI = −18.6 to 1.6,  P  = 0.10,  Q  = 0.76,  P  = 0.99,  I   2  = 0%), and no change for the E group (7 ESs, 387 participants,x  ¯   =  3.0     mg/dL, 95% CI = −7.1 to 13.1,  P  = 0.56,  Q  = 0.78,  P  = 0.99,  I   2  = 0%). Overall, no statistically significant between-group differences were found ( Q    b   = 4.1,  P  = 0.12).  Conclusions . Diet combined with aerobic exercise may reduce non-HDL-C among adults in some settings.

Effects of Diet, Aerobic Exercise, or Both on Non-HDL-C in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials