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Doppler scale estimation is one critical step needed by the resampling operation in acoustic communication receivers. In this paper, we compare different Doppler scale estimation methods using either cyclic-prefixed (CP) or zero-padded (ZP) orthogonalfrequency division-multiplexing (OFDM) waveforms. For a CP-OFDM preamble, a self-correlation method allows for blind Doppler scale estimation based on an embedded repetition structure while a cross-correlation method is available with the knowledge of the waveform. For each received ZP-OFDM block, the existence of null subcarriers allows for blind Doppler scale estimation. In addition, a pilot-aided method and a decision-aided method are applicable based on cross-correlation with templates constructed from symbols on pilot subcarriers only and from symbols on all subcarriers after data decoding, respectively. This paper carries out extensive comparisons among these methods using both simulated and real experimental data. Further, the applicabilities of these methods to distributed multiuser systems are investigated.

Performance Comparison of Doppler Scale Estimation Methods for Underwater Acoustic OFDM