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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-  γ   (PPAR  γ  ) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors that plays an important role in the control of gene expression linked to a variety of physiological processes, including cancer. Ligands for PPAR  γ   include naturally occurring fatty acids and the thiazolidinedione class of antidiabetic drugs. Activation of PPAR  γ   in a variety of cancer cells leads to inhibition of growth, decreased invasiveness, reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines, and promotion of a more differentiated phenotype. However, systemic activation of PPAR  γ   has been reported to be protumorigenic in some  in vitro  systems and  in vivo  models. Here, we review the available data that implicate PPAR  γ   in lung carcinogenesis and highlight the challenges of targeting PPAR  γ   in lung cancer treatments.

Anti- and Protumorigenic Effects of PPARγin Lung Cancer Progression: A Double-Edged Sword