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Bitter orange ( Citrus aurantium ) extract and its primary protoalkaloid  p -synephrine are used widely in weight loss/weight management and sports performance products. Because of structural similarities, the pharmacological effects of  p -synephrine are widely assumed to be similar to those of ephedrine,  m -synephrine (phenylephrine), and endogenous amine neurotransmitters as norepinephrine and epinephrine. However, small structural changes result in the receptor binding characteristics of these amines that are markedly different, providing a plausible explanation for the paucity of adverse effects associated with the wide-spread consumption of  p -synephrine in the form of dietary supplements as well as in various  Citrus  foods and juices. This paper summarizes the adrenoreceptor binding characteristics of  p -synephrine relative to  m -synephrine, norepinephrine, and other amines as related to the observed pharmacological effects.

A Review of the Receptor-Binding Properties ofp-Synephrine as Related to Its Pharmacological Effects