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Brassica rapa , which is closely related to  Arabidopsis thaliana , is an important crop and a model plant for studying genome evolution via polyploidization. We report the current understanding of the genome structure of  B. rapa  and efforts for the whole-genome sequencing of the species. The tribe  Brassicaceae , which comprises ca. 240 species, descended from a common hexaploid ancestor with a basic genome similar to that of  Arabidopsis . Chromosome rearrangements, including fusions and/or fissions, resulted in the present-day “diploid”  Brassica  species with variation in chromosome number and phenotype. Triplicated genomic segments of  B. rapa  are collinear to those of  A. thaliana  with InDels. The genome triplication has led to an approximately 1.7-fold increase in the  B. rapa  gene number compared to that of  A. thaliana . Repetitive DNA of  B. rapa  has also been extensively amplified and has diverged from that of  A. thaliana . For its whole-genome sequencing, the  Brassica rapa  Genome Sequencing Project ( Br GSP) consortium has developed suitable genomic resources and constructed genetic and physical maps. Ten chromosomes of  B. rapa  are being allocated to  Br GSP consortium participants, and each chromosome will be sequenced by a BAC-by-BAC approach. Genome sequencing of  B. rapa  will offer a new perspective for plant biology and evolution in the context of polyploidization.

Progress in Understanding and Sequencing the Genome ofBrassica rapa