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PPAR involvement in cell growth was investigated “in vivo” and “in vitro” and was correlated with cell proliferation and apoptotic death. “In vivo” PPAR γ  and  α  were evaluated in colon cancer specimens and adjacent nonneoplastic colonic mucosa. PPAR γ  increased in most cancer specimens versus mucosa, with a decrease in c-Myc and in PCNA proteins, suggesting that colon cancer growth is due to increased cell survival rather than increased proliferation. The prevalence of survival over proliferation was confirmed by Bcl-2 or Bcl-X  L   increase in cancer versus mucosa, and by decreased PPAR α . “In vitro” PPAR γ  and PPAR α  were evaluated in human tumor and normal cell lines, treated with natural or synthetic ligands. PPAR γ  was involved in inhibiting cell proliferation with a decrease in c-Myc protein, whereas PPAR α  was involved in inducing apoptosis with modulation of Bcl-2 and Bad proteins. This involvement was confirmed using specific antagonists of two PPARs. Moreover, the results obtained on treating cell lines with PPAR ligands confirm observations in colon cancer: there is an inverse correlation between PPAR α  and Bcl-2 and between PPAR γ  and c-Myc.

Involvement of PPARs in Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis in Human Colon Cancer Specimens and in Normal and Cancer Cell Lines