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Estradiol is a steroid hormone secreted by endocrine glands (ovary, testis) [3]. The variation of estradiol levels in blood or urine may be associated with many pathologies such as hormone-dependent cancers and diseases of sexual behaviour [5]. Measurements of the concentration of estradiol in blood or urine is of great importance both for clinical diagnosis and during therapy. Competitive immunoassays using an antisteroid antibody and a steroid tracer have become the main routine method to measure steroid concentrations. Obviously, the antibody must be very specific to be able to discriminate between estradiol and other steroid analogues. At present, none of the available antibodies are able to provide unambiguous measurements of very low concentrations of estradiol directly in blood or urine [2]. First, the molecular structures of steroids are very similar, and consequently, the isolation of a specific steroid antibody devoid of cross-reactions with analogues is difficult. Second, the steroids are small molecules unable to cause an immunogenic reaction. They need to be coupled to an immunogenic protein like bovine serum albumin. Consequently, the antibody has often a weaker affinity for the free steroid than for the immunogen [8] and exhibits a lower specificity for the site of coupling.

Improving the Specificity of an Anti-Estradiol Antibody by Random Mutagenesis and Phage Display