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The aim of the study was to identify stimulation conditions permitting the occurrence of extra torque (ET) and to examine their impact on spinal and corticospinal excitabilities. Twelve subjects received stimulation trains over the tibial nerve (20 s duration, 1 ms pulse duration) that were delivered at 3 stimulation frequencies (20, 50, and 100 Hz) and at 5 intensities (110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, and 150% of the motor threshold). Torque-time integral (TTI) of each stimulation train was calculated. Spinal [maximum H-reflex (H max )/maximal M-wave (M max )] and corticospinal [maximal motor evoked potential amplitude (MEP max )/M max ] excitabilities were assessed at rest before and after each stimulation train by tibial nerve stimulation and by transcranial magnetic stimulation, respectively. Moreover, a twitch at each stimulation intensity was delivered before and after each stimulation train. The EMG activity associated with this twitch was analyzed to identify the initial motor unit (MU) recruitment pathway before each stimulation train and discriminate trials to H-trials (indirect recruitment) and M-trials (direct recruitment). TTI was higher for H-trials compared with M-trials for all tested frequencies. There was a decrease in H max /M max  for the 20 Hz-H trials and an increase for the 100 Hz-H trials, whereas MEP max /M max  remained unchanged at post measurements. Present results demonstrate that the initial MU recruitment pattern plays a main role in the ET occurrence, with the indirect recruitment via the afferent volley being substantial for its development. The modulations of H max /M max  without changes in MEP max /M max  suggest that the ET development affects spinal excitability and that these changes are frequency dependent.    NEW &amp; NOTEWORTHY This study brings new insights into the stimulation conditions permitting the development of extra torque. An initial indirect recruitment of motor units, inducing reflex activation of spinal neurons through Ia afferent solicitation, appears a prerequisite for extra torque development. Under these conditions, spinal excitability modulations were frequency dependent.

Effect of reflexive activation of motor units on torque development during electrically-evoked contractions of the triceps surae muscle