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Xenin-25 is a neurotensin-like peptide that is secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine. Xenin-8 is reported to augment duodenal anion secretion by activating afferent neural pathways. The intrinsic neuronal circuits mediating the xenin-25-induced anion secretion were characterized using the Ussing-chambered, mucosa-submucosa preparation from the rat ileum. Serosal application of xenin-25 increased the short-circuit current in a concentration-dependent manner. The responses were abolished by the combination of Cl − -free and [Formula: see text]-free solutions. The responses were almost completely blocked by TTX (10 −6  M) but not by atropine (10 −5  M) or hexamethonium (10 −4  M). The selective antagonists for neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1), neurokinin 1 (NK1), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) receptors 1 and 2 (VPAC1 and VPAC2, respectively), and capsaicin, but not 5-hydroxyltryptamine receptors 3 and 4 (5-HT 3  and 5-HT 4 ), NTSR2, and A803467, inhibited the responses to xenin-25. The expression of VIP receptors ( Vipr) in rat ileum was examined using RT-PCR. The Vipr1 PCR products were detected in the submucosal plexus and mucosa. Immunohistochemical staining showed the colocalization of NTSR1 and NK1 with substance P (SP)- and calbindin-immunoreactive neurons in the submucosal plexus, respectively. In addition, NK1 was colocalized with noncholinergic VIP secretomotor neurons. Based on the results from the present study, xenin-25-induced Cl − /[Formula: see text] secretion is involved in NTSR1 activation on intrinsic and extrinsic afferent neurons, followed by the release of SP and subsequent activation of NK1 expressed on noncholinergic VIP secretomotor neurons. Finally, the secreted VIP may activate VPAC1 on epithelial cells to induce Cl − /[Formula: see text] secretion in the rat ileum. Activation of noncholinergic VIP secretomotor neurons by intrinsic primary afferent neurons and extrinsic afferent neurons by postprandially released xenin-25 may account for most of the neurogenic secretory response induced by xenin-25.    NEW &amp; NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to investigate the intrinsic neuronal circuit responsible for xenin-25-induced anion secretion in the rat small intestine. We have found that nutrient-stimulated xenin-25 release may activate noncholinergic vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) secretomotor neurons to promote Cl − /[Formula: see text] secretion through the activation of VIP receptor 1 on epithelial cells. Moreover, the xenin-25-induced secretory responses are mainly linked with intrinsic primary afferent neurons, which are involved in the activation of neurotensin receptor 1 and neurokinin 1 receptor.

Xenin-25 induces anion secretion by activating noncholinergic secretomotor neurons in the rat ileum