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Horizontal gene transfer by integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) is a very important mechanism for spreading antibiotic resistance in various bacterial species. In environmental and clinical settings, most bacteria form biofilms as a way to protect themselves against extracellular stress. However, much remains to be known about ICE transfer in biofilms. Using ICE Bs1 from Bacillus subtilis , we show that the natural conjugation efficiency of this ICE is greatly affected by the ability of the donor and recipient to form a biofilm. ICE Bs1 transfer considerably increases in biofilm, even at low donor/recipient ratios. Also, while there is a clear temporal correlation between biofilm formation and ICE Bs1 transfer, biofilms do not alter the level of ICE Bs1 excision in donor cells. Conjugative transfer appears to be favored by the biophysical context of biofilms. Indeed, extracellular matrix production, particularly from the recipient cells, is essential for biofilms to promote ICE Bs1 transfer. Our study provides basic new knowledge on the high rate of conjugative transfer of ICEs in biofilms, a widely preponderant bacterial lifestyle in the environment, which could have a major impact on our understanding of horizontal gene transfer in natural and clinical environments. IMPORTANCE Transfer of mobile genetic elements from one bacterium to another is the principal cause of the spread of antibiotic resistance. However, the dissemination of these elements in environmental contexts is poorly understood. In clinical and environmental settings, bacteria are often found living in multicellular communities encased in a matrix, a structure known as a biofilm. In this study, we examined how forming a biofilm influences the transmission of an integrative and conjugative element (ICE). Using the model Gram-positive bacterium B. subtilis , we observed that biofilm formation highly favors ICE transfer. This increase in conjugative transfer is due to the production of extracellular matrix, which creates an ideal biophysical context. Our study provides important insights into the role of the biofilm structure in driving conjugative transfer, which is of major importance since biofilm is a widely preponderant bacterial lifestyle for clinically relevant bacterial strains.

Biofilm Formation Drives Transfer of the Conjugative Element ICE Bs1 in Bacillus subtilis