Open AccessCell-Type-Dependent Effect of Transforming Growth Factor β, a Major Cytokine in Breast Milk, on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection of Mammary Epithelial MCF-7 Cells or Macrophages
Author(s) -
Masako Moriuchi,
Hiroyuki Moriuchi
Publication year - 2004
Publication title -
journal of virology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.617
H-Index - 292
eISSN - 1070-6321
pISSN - 0022-538X
DOI - 10.1128/jvi.78.23.13046-13052.2004
Subject(s) - biology , immune system , cytokine , transforming growth factor , breast milk , macrophage , immunology , mammary gland , virus , cancer research , virology , microbiology and biotechnology , in vitro , cancer , breast cancer , biochemistry , genetics
Breastfeeding plays a substantial role in mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Mammary epithelial cells, as well as macrophages and lymphocytes, are thought to serve as sources of the virus in breast milk. Soluble factors in breast milk exert various biological functions, including immune tolerance or immune modulation, and may influence milk-borne infection with HIV-1. In this study we show that transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), a major cytokine in breast milk, inhibited HIV-1 infection of mammary epithelial MCF-7 cells but enhanced that of macrophages. TGF-beta downregulated the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter in MCF-7 cells but upregulated it in macrophages. Stimulation with TGF-beta suppressed NF-kappaB binding to the HIV-1 LTR in MCF-7 cells, at least in part by downregulating induced IkappaB kinase expression. Cell type-dependent effects of TGF-beta on HIV-1 expression may play a role in milk-borne infection with HIV-1.