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Capsomeres are considered to be an alternative to viruslike particle (VLP)-based vaccines as they can be produced in prokaryotic expression systems. So far, no detailed side-by-side comparison of VLPs and capsomeres has been performed. In the present study, we immunized mice with insect cell-derived human papillomavirus type 16 VLPs and capsomeres. VLPs induced consistently higher antibody titers than capsomeres but the two forms induced similar CD8 T-cell responses after subcutaneous, intranasal, and oral immunization, and at least 20 to 40 times more L1 in the form of capsomeres than in the form of VLPs was needed to achieve comparable antibody responses. These results were confirmed by DNA immunization. The lower immunogenicity of capsomeres was independent of the isotype switch, as it was also observed for the early immunoglobulin M responses. Although there were differences in the display of surface epitopes between the L1 particles, these did not contribute significantly to the differences in the immune responses. capsomeres were less immunogenic than VLPs in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient mice, suggesting that the lower immunogenicity is not due to a failure of capsomeres to trigger TLR4. We observed better correlation between antibody results from enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and neutralization assays for sera from VLP-immunized mice than for sera from capsomere-immunized mice, suggesting qualitative differences between VLPs and capsomeres. We also showed that the lower immunogenicity of capsomeres could be compensated by the use of an adjuvant system containing MPL. Taken together, these results suggest that, presumably because of the lower degree of complexity of the antigen organization, capsomeres are significantly less immunogenic than VLPs with respect to the humoral immune response and that this characteristic should be considered in the design of putative capsomere-based prophylactic vaccines.

journal of virology

A Direct Comparison of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 L1 Particles Reveals a Lower Immunogenicity of Capsomeres than Viruslike Particles with Respect to the Induced Antibody Response