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Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes outbreaks of severe disease in people and livestock throughout Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Human RVFV infections generally manifest as a self-limiting febrile illness, but in some individuals, the disease can progress to a fatal encephalitis or hemorrhagic syndrome. Little is known about the host characteristics that predispose development of more severe disease. Early in infection, interferon-mediated antiviral responses are critical for controlling RVFV replication, but the roles of downstream adaptive immune responses in determining clinical outcome have not been examined. Here, using a C57BL/6 mouse disease model, we evaluated the roles of B cells and T cells in RVFV pathogenesis. Given the profound inhibition of the innate response by the viral NSs protein and rapid course of wild-type infection, we utilized an attenuated RVFV lacking NSs to examine host responses following primary infection. Experiments utilizing B-cell-deficient mice or targeted T cell depletions of wild-type mice demonstrated that B cells and CD4(+) T cells, but not CD8(+) T cells, were critical for mediating viral clearance, even in the presence of a functional innate response. One-third of CD4-depleted mice developed severe neurologic disease following infection, in contrast to virus-infected mock-depleted mice that showed no clinical signs. CD4(+) T cells were required for robust IgG and neutralizing antibody responses that correlated with RVFV clearance from peripheral tissues. Furthermore, CD4-depleted mice demonstrated significantly stronger proinflammatory responses relative to controls, suggesting CD4(+) T cells regulate immune responses to RVFV infection. Together, these results indicate CD4(+) T cells are critical determinants of RVFV pathogenesis and play an important role in preventing onset of neurologic disease.

journal of virology

Rift Valley Fever Virus Clearance and Protection from Neurologic Disease Are Dependent on CD4 <sup>+</sup> T Cell and Virus-Specific Antibody Responses

Rift Valley Fever Virus Clearance and Protection from Neurologic Disease Are Dependent on CD4 + T Cell and Virus-Specific Antibody Responses

Rift Valley Fever Virus Clearance and Protection from Neurologic Disease Are Dependent on CD4 ⁺ T Cell and Virus-Specific Antibody Responses