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Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal species that can also be a formidable pathogen. In the United States, an epidemic of community-acquired methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections has been occurring for the last 15 years. In the context of a study in which we identified patients with skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) and randomized them to receive one of two antimicrobial treatment regimens, we assessedS. aureus colonization in the nares, throat, and perianal skin on the day of enrollment and 40 days after therapy. We compared the prevalence of colonization between the SSTI patients and an uninfected control population. A total of 144 subjects and 130 controls, predominantly African American, participated in this study, and 116 returned for a 40-day follow-up visit. Of the SSTI patients, 76% were colonized withS. aureus at enrollment, as were 65% of the controls. Patients were more likely than the controls to be colonized with USA300 MRSA (62/144 [43.1%] versus 11/130 [8.5%], respectively;P &lt; 0.001). The nares were not the most common site of colonization. The colonization prevalence diminished somewhat after antibiotic treatment but remained high. The isolates that colonized the controls were more likely than those in the patients to be methicillin-susceptibleS. aureus (MSSA) (74/84 [88.1%] versus 56/106 [52.8%], respectively;P &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, the prevalence ofS. aureus colonization among SSTI patients was high and often involved USA300 MRSA. The prevalence diminished somewhat with antimicrobial therapy but remained high at the 40-day follow-up visit. Control subjects were also colonized at a high prevalence but most often with a genetic background not associated with a clinical infection in this study.S. aureus is a commensal species and a pathogen. Plans for decolonization or eradication should take this distinction into account.

High Staphylococcus aureus Colonization Prevalence among Patients with Skin and Soft Tissue Infections and Controls in an Urban Emergency Department