tcdC Genotypes Associated with Severe TcdC Truncation in an Epidemic Clone and Other Strains of Clostridium difficile

Severe Clostridium difficile associated disease is associated with outbreaks of the recently described BI/NAP1 epidemic clone. This clone is characterized by an 18-bp deletion in the tcdC gene and increased production of toxins A and B in vitro. TcdC is a putative negative regulator of toxin A&B production. We characterized tcdC genotypes from a collection of C. difficile isolates from a hospital that experienced an outbreak caused by the BI/NAP1 epidemic clone. Sequence analysis of tcdC was performed on DNA samples isolated from 199 toxigenic C. difficile isolates (31% BI/NAP1) from 2001 and 2005. Sequences obtained from 36 (18.6%) isolates predicted wild-type TcdC (232 amino acid residues), whereas 12 (6.1%) isolates had tcdC genotypes with previously described 18- or 39-bp deletions. The remaining isolates comprised 15 unique genotypes. Of these, 5 genotypes contain 18- or 36-bp deletions. Of these five genotypes, one is characterized by a single nucleotide deletion at position 117 resulting in a frameshift that introduces a stop codon at position 196, truncating the predicted TcdC to 65 amino acid residues. All 62 of the isolates in this collection comprising the epidemic clone are characterized by this genotype. This result suggests that severe truncation of TcdC is responsible for the increased toxin production observed in strains belonging to the BI/NAP1 clone and that the 18-bp deletion is probably irrelevant to TcdC function. Further investigations are required to determine the effect of this and other tcdC genotypes on toxin production and clinical disease.