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The issue of hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutations possibly leading to a gender disparity in the progression of liver diseases has not been explored. We aimed to elucidate the relationships of the novelpre-S1 mutations, W4P/R, with the progression of liver diseases and male predominance in a South Korean chronic cohort by use of a molecular epidemiologic study. We developed a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assay for the detection of the W4P/R mutations and applied it to 292 chronic HBV patients. Thepre-S1 mutations from 247 (84.6%) of a total of 292 patients were detected by this assay. W4P/R mutants were found to be significantly related to severe liver diseases (hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC] and liver cirrhosis, 12.4% [19/153] of patients, versus chronic hepatitis and asymptomatic carriage, 1.1% [1/94] of patients) (P &lt; 0.001). All of the W4P/R mutants were found in males only. The novel HBVpre-S1 mutations, W4P/R, may be associated with disease severity in male patients chronically infected with HBV genotype C. The W4P/R mutations may provide in part an explanation for the relatively high ratio of male to female incidence in HCC generation in South Korean chronic HBV patients.

Male-Specific W4P/R Mutation in the Pre-S1 Region of Hepatitis B Virus, Increasing the Risk of Progression of Liver Diseases in Chronic Patients