Subdomains N2N3 of Fibronectin Binding Protein A Mediate Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation and Adherence to Fibrinogen Using Distinct Mechanisms

Health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) forms biofilm in vitro that is dependent on the surface-located fibronectin binding proteins A and B (FnBPA, FnBPB). Here we provide new insights into the requirements for FnBP-dependent biofilm formation by MRSA. We show that expression of FnBPs is sustained at high levels throughout the growth cycle in the HA-MRSA strain BH1CC in contrast to laboratory strain SH1000, where expression could be detected only in exponential phase. We found that FnBP-mediated biofilm accumulation required Zn(2+), while the removal of Zn(2+) had no effect on the ability of FnBPA to mediate bacterial adherence to fibrinogen. We also investigated the role of FnBPA expressed on the surface of S. aureus in promoting biofilm formation and bacterial adhesion to fibrinogen. The minimum part of FnBPA required for ligand binding has so far been defined only with recombinant proteins. Here we found that the N1 subdomain was not required for biofilm formation or for FnBPA to promote bacterial adherence to fibrinogen. Residues at the C terminus of subdomain N3 required for FnBPA to bind to ligands using the "dock, lock, and latch" mechanism were necessary for FnBPA to promote bacterial adherence to fibrinogen. However, these residues were not necessary to form biofilm, allowing us to localize the region of FnBPA required for biofilm accumulation to residues 166 to 498. Thus, FnBPA mediates biofilm formation and bacterial adhesion to fibrinogen using two distinct mechanisms. Finally, we identified a hitherto-unrecognized thrombin cleavage site close to the boundary between subdomains N1 and N2 of FnBPA.