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Adaptation to changing environments is essential to bacterial physiology. Here we report a unique role of the copper homeostasis system in adaptingEscherichia coli to its host-relevant environment of anaerobiosis coupled with amino acid limitation. We found that expression of the copper/silver efflux pump CusCFBA was significantly upregulated during anaerobic amino acid limitation inE. coli without the supplement of exogenous copper. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis of the total intracellular copper content combined with transcriptional assay of the PcusC -lacZ reporter in the presence of specific Cu(I) chelators indicated that anaerobic amino acid limitation led to the accumulation of free Cu(I) in the periplasmic space ofE. coli , resulting in Cu(I) toxicity. Cells lackingcusCFBA and another copper transporter,copA , under this condition displayed growth defects and reduced ATP production during fumarate respiration. Ectopic expression of the Fe-S cluster enzyme fumarate reductase (Frd), or supplementation with amino acids whose biosynthesis involves Fe-S cluster enzymes, rescued the poor growth of ΔcusC cells. Yet, Cu(I) treatment did not impair the Frd activityin vitro . Further studies revealed that the alternative Fe-S cluster biogenesis system Suf was induced during the anaerobic amino acid limitation, and ΔcusC enhanced this upregulation, indicating the impairment of the Fe-S cluster assembly machinery and the increased Fe-S cluster demands under this condition. Taken together, we conclude that the copper efflux system CusCFBA is induced during anaerobic amino acid limitation to protect Fe-S cluster enzymes and biogenesis from the endogenously originated Cu(I) toxicity, thus facilitating the physiological adaptation ofE. coli .

Copper Efflux Is Induced during Anaerobic Amino Acid Limitation in Escherichia coli To Protect Iron-Sulfur Cluster Enzymes and Biogenesis