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Septicemia-causing Vibrio vulnificus produces at least three exoproteases, VvpE, VvpS, and VvpM, all of which participate in interactions with human cells. Expression of VvpE and VvpS is induced in the stationary phase by multiple transcription factors, including sigma factor S, SmcR, and the cAMP-cAMP receptor protein (cAMP-CRP) complex. Distinct roles of VvpM, such as induction of apoptosis, lead us to hypothesize VvpM expression is different from that of the other exoproteases. Its transcription, which was found to be independent of sigma S, is induced at the early exponential phase and then becomes negligible upon entry into the stationary phase. SmcR and CRP were studied regarding the control of vvpM expression. Transcription of vvpM was repressed by SmcR and cAMP-CRP complex individually, which specifically bound to the regions -2 to +20 and +6 to +27, respectively, relative to the vvpM transcription initiation site. Derepression of vvpM gene expression was 10- to 40-fold greater in an smcR crp double mutant than in single-gene mutants. Therefore, these results show that the expression of V. vulnificus exoproteases is differentially regulated, and in this way, distinct proteases can engage in specific interactions with a host. IMPORTANCE An opportunistic human pathogen, Vibrio vulnificus produces multiple extracellular proteases that are involved in diverse interactions with a host. The total exoproteolytic activity is detected mainly in the supernatants of the high-cell-density cultures. However, some proteolytic activity derived from a metalloprotease, VvpM, was present in the supernatants of the low-cell-density cultures sampled at the early growth period. In this study, we present the regulatory mechanism for VvpM expression via repression by at least two transcription factors. This type of transcriptional regulation is the exact opposite of those for expression of the other V. vulnificus exoproteases. Differential regulation of each exoprotease's production then facilitates the pathogen's participation in the distinct interactions with a host.

Repression of VvpM Protease Expression by Quorum Sensing and the cAMP-cAMP Receptor Protein Complex in Vibrio vulnificus