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Toxoplasma gondii infection has previously been described to cause dramatic changes in the host transcriptome by manipulating key regulators, including STATs, NF-κB, and microRNAs. Here, we report thatToxoplasma tachyzoites also mediate rapid and sustained induction of another pivotal regulator of host cell transcription, c-Myc. This induction is seen in cells infected with all three canonical types ofToxoplasma but not the closely related apicomplexan parasiteNeospora caninum . Coinfection of cells with bothToxoplasma andNeospora still results in an increase in the level of host c-Myc, showing that c-Myc is actively upregulated byToxoplasma infection (rather than repressed byNeospora ). We further demonstrate that this upregulation may be mediated through c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and is unlikely to be a nonspecific host response, as heat-killedToxoplasma parasites do not induce this increase and neither do nonviable parasites inside the host cell. Finally, we show that the induced c-Myc is active and that transcripts dependent on its function are upregulated, as predicted. Hence, c-Myc represents an additional way in whichToxoplasma tachyzoites have evolved to specifically alter host cell functions during intracellular growth.

Infection by Toxoplasma gondii Specifically Induces Host c-Myc and the Genes This Pivotal Transcription Factor Regulates