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rRNA genes of Entamoeba histolytica are organized as palindromic ribosomal DNA (rDNA) units (I and II) in a 24.5-kb circle. Although the two rDNAs are identical in sequence, their upstream spacers are completely different. Since the intergenic sequences (IGS) of all rDNA copies in other organisms are conserved and contain transcription regulatory sequences, the lack of sequence conservation in the IGS prompted the question of whether both rDNAs are indeed transcriptionally active. We mapped the transcriptional start points (tsp's) and promoters of the two rDNAs. A 51-bp sequence immediately upstream of the tsp's was highly conserved in both units. In addition, both units had an A+T-rich stretch upstream of the 51-bp core. Analysis of reporter gene transcription showed promoter activity to reside in the regions from positions -86 to +123 (rDNA I) and positions -101 to +140 (rDNA II). The promoter-containing fragments from both units could bind and compete with each other for protein(s) from nuclear extracts. Protein binding was especially dependent on the A+T-rich region upstream of the 51-bp core (positions -53 to -68). The requirement of &gt;80 bp downstream of the tsp was striking. Although this sequence was not conserved in the two units, it could potentially fold into very long stem-loops. Both rDNAs transcribed with comparable efficiency, as measured by nuclear runon. Thus, both rDNAs share very similar organization of promoter sequences, and in exponential culture both rDNAs are transcribed. It remains to be seen whether the different IGS affect the regulation of the two units under adverse conditions.

Promoter Analysis of Palindromic Transcription Units in the Ribosomal DNA Circle of Entamoeba histolytica