Dynamic Changes in Inflammatory Cytokines in Pigs Infected with Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection induces both humoral and cellular immune responses. In this study, we investigated the changes in cytokine levels in peripheral blood between the highly pathogenic PRRSV HuN4 strain and its derivative strain HuN4-F112 obtained by serial propagation in MARC145 cells to 112 passages. The results demonstrated that pigs infected with HuN4 showed a loss of appetite, decrease in body weight, raised body temperature, and respiratory symptoms, along with interstitial pneumonia lesions. The PRRSV amounts in the pigs infected with HuN4 were 10(5) to 10(9) copies/ml in the blood and 10(10) to 10(11) copies/g in the lung tissues, whereas the virus amounts with HuN4-F112 were 10(2.15) to 10(3.13) copies/ml in the blood and 10(3.0) to 10(3.6) copies/g in the lungs. Moreover, the levels of interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) in peripheral blood were upregulated 7 days postinoculation with HuN4, which was earlier than in the HuN4-F112 group. Furthermore, cytokine levels in the pigs infected with HuN4 returned to normal on the 21st day postinoculation, while the levels in those infected with HuN4-F112 continued to increase. These results demonstrated that the pigs infected with the highly pathogenic PRRSV HuN4 strain generated earlier and higher levels of inflammatory cytokines, and the results also indicated that HuN4 may aggravate inflammation and damage tissues and organs. The low-pathogenic PRRSV HuN4-F112 strain induced lower levels of inflammatory cytokines, which may enhance the immune responses against the infection.