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Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a bacterial pathogen that can cause illness after the consumption or handling of contaminated seafood. The primary virulence factors associated withV. parahaemolyticus illness are thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and Tdh-related hemolysin (TRH). However, clinical strains lackingtdh andtrh have recently been isolated, and these clinical isolates are poorly understood. To help understand the emergence of clinicaltdh - andtrh -negative isolates, a genomic approach was used to comprehensively compare 4 clinicaltdh - andtrh -negative isolates with 16 environmentaltdh - andtrh -negative isolates and 34 clinical isolates positive fortdh ortrh , or both, with the objective of identifying genomic features that are unique to clinicaltdh - andtrh -negative isolates. The prevalence of pathogenicity islands (PAIs) common to clinical isolates was thoroughly examined in each of the clinicaltdh - andtrh -negative isolates. Thetdh PAI was not present in any clinical or environmentaltdh - andtrh -negative isolates. Thetrh PAI was not present in any environmental isolates; however, in clinicaltdh - andtrh -negative isolate 10-4238, the majority of thetrh PAI including a partialtrh1 gene was present, which resulted in reclassification of this isolate as atdh -negative andtrh -positive isolate. In the other clinicaltdh - andtrh -negative isolates, neither thetrh gene nor thetrh PAI was present. We identified 862 genes in clinicaltdh - andtrh -negative isolates but not in environmentaltdh - andtrh -negative isolates. Many of these genes are highly homologous to genes found in common enteric bacteria and included genes encoding a number of chemotaxis proteins and a novel putative type VI secretion system (T6SS) effector and immunity protein (T6SS1). The availability of genome sequences from clinicalV. parahaemolyticus tdh - andtrh -negative isolates and the comparative analysis may help provide an understanding of how this pathotype is able to survivein vivo during clinical illness.

Genomic Features of Environmental and Clinical Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates Lacking Recognized Virulence Factors Are Dissimilar