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Dimethyl adenosine transferase (KsgA) performs diverse roles in bacteria, including ribosomal maturation and DNA mismatch repair, and synthesis of KsgA is responsive to antibiotics and cold temperature. We previously showed that aksgA mutation inSalmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis results in impaired invasiveness in human and avian epithelial cells. In this study, we tested the virulence of aksgA mutant (theksgA ::Tn5 mutant) ofS . Enteritidis in orally challenged 1-day-old chickens. TheksgA ::Tn5 mutant showed significantly reduced intestinal colonization and organ invasiveness in chickens compared to those of the wild-type (WT) parent. Phenotype microarray (PM) was employed to compare theksgA ::Tn5 mutant and its isogenic wild-type strain for 920 phenotypes at 28°C, 37°C, and 42°C. At chicken body temperature (42°C), theksgA ::Tn5 mutant showed significantly reduced respiratory activity with respect to a number of carbon, nitrogen, phosphate, sulfur, and peptide nitrogen nutrients. The greatest differences were observed in the osmolyte panel at concentrations of ≥6% NaCl at 37°C and 42°C. In contrast, no major differences were observed at 28°C. In independent growth assays, theksgA ::Tn5 mutant displayed a severe growth defect in high-osmolarity (6.5% NaCl) conditions in nutrient-rich (LB) and nutrient-limiting (M9 minimum salts) media at 42°C. Moreover, theksgA ::Tn5 mutant showed significantly reduced tolerance to oxidative stress, but its survival within macrophages was not impaired. UnlikeEscherichia coli , theksgA ::Tn5 mutant did not display a cold-sensitivity phenotype; however, it showed resistance to kasugamycin and increased susceptibility to chloramphenicol. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing the role ofksgA inS . Enteritidis virulence in chickens, tolerance to high osmolarity, and altered susceptibility to kasugamycin and chloramphenicol.

applied and environmental microbiology

Dimethyl Adenosine Transferase (KsgA) Deficiency in Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Confers Susceptibility to High Osmolarity and Virulence Attenuation in Chickens