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The environmental fate of phenylurea herbicides has received considerable attention in recent decades. The microbial metabolism ofN ,N -dimethyl-substituted phenylurea herbicides can generally be initiated by mono-N -demethylation. In this study, the molecular basis for this process was revealed. ThepdmAB genes inSphingobium sp. strain YBL2 were shown to be responsible for the initial mono-N -demethylation of commonly usedN ,N -dimethyl-substituted phenylurea herbicides. PdmAB is the oxygenase component of a bacterial Rieske non-heme iron oxygenase (RO) system. The genespdmAB , encoding the α subunit PdmA and the β subunit PdmB, are organized in a transposable element flanked by two direct repeats of an insertion element resembling ISRh1 . Furthermore, this transposable element is highly conserved among phenylurea herbicide-degrading sphingomonads originating from different areas of the world. However, there was no evidence of a gene for an electron carrier (a ferredoxin or a reductase) located in the immediate vicinity ofpdmAB . Without its cognate electron transport components, expression of PdmAB inEscherichia coli ,Pseudomonas putida , and other sphingomonads resulted in a functional enzyme. Moreover, coexpression of a putative [3Fe-4S]-type ferredoxin fromSphingomonas sp. strain RW1 greatly enhanced the catalytic activity of PdmAB inE. coli . These data suggested that PdmAB has a low specificity for electron transport components and that its optimal ferredoxin may be the [3Fe-4S] type. PdmA exhibited low homology to the α subunits of previously characterized ROs (less than 37% identity) and did not cluster with the RO group involved inO - orN -demethylation reactions, indicating that PdmAB is a distinct bacterial RON -demethylase.

applied and environmental microbiology

The Novel Bacterial N -Demethylase PdmAB Is Responsible for the Initial Step of N , N -Dimethyl-Substituted Phenylurea Herbicide Degradation