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The evolutionary history of denitrification is complex. While the occurrence of horizontal gene transfer has been suggested for denitrification genes, most studies report circumstantial evidences, such as disagreement between denitrification gene phylogenies and the 16S rRNA gene phylogeny. Based on the comparative genome analyses ofAzospirillum sp. denitrifiers, we identified denitrification genes, includingnirK andnorCBQD , located on a mobile genetic element in the genome ofAzospirillum sp. strain TSH58. ThenirK was actively transcribed under denitrification-inducing conditions. Since this gene was the sole nitrite reductase gene in strain TSH58, this strain most likely benefitted by acquiring denitrification genes via horizontal gene transfer. This finding will significantly advance our scientific knowledge regarding the ecology and evolution of denitrification.

Potentially Mobile Denitrification Genes Identified in Azospirillum sp. Strain TSH58