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The draft genomes ofLactobacillus plantarum strains isolated from Asian fermented foods, infant feces, and shrimp intestines were sequenced and compared to those of well-studied strains. Among 28 strains ofL. plantarum , variations in the genomic features involved in ecological adaptation were elucidated. The genome sizes ranged from approximately 3.1 to 3.5 Mb, of which about 2,932 to 3,345 protein-coding sequences (CDS) were predicted. The food-derived isolates contained a higher number of carbohydrate metabolism-associated genes than those from infant feces. This observation correlated to their phenotypic carbohydrate metabolic profile, indicating their ability to metabolize the largest range of sugars. Surprisingly, two strains (P14 and P76) isolated from fermented fish utilized inulin. β-Fructosidase, the inulin-degrading enzyme, was detected in the supernatants and cell wall extracts of both strains. No activity was observed in the cytoplasmic fraction, indicating that this key enzyme was either membrane-bound or extracellularly secreted. From genomic mining analysis, a predicted inulin operon offosRABCDXE , which encodes β-fructosidase and many fructose transporting proteins, was found within the genomes of strains P14 and P76. Moreover,pts1BCA genes, encoding sucrose-specific IIBCA components involved in sucrose transport, were also identified. The proteomic analysis revealed the mechanism and functional characteristic of thefosRABCDXE operon involved in the inulin utilization ofL. plantarum . The expression levels of thefos operon andpst genes were upregulated at mid-log phase. FosE and the LPXTG-motif cell wall anchored β-fructosidase were induced to a high abundance when inulin was present as a carbon source.IMPORTANCE Inulin is a long-chain carbohydrate that may act as a prebiotic, which provides many health benefits to the host by selectively stimulating the growth and activity of beneficial bacteria in the colon. While certain lactobacilli can catabolize inulin, this has not yet been described forLactobacillus plantarum , and an associated putative inulin operon has not been reported in this species. By using comparative and functional genomics, we showed that twoL. plantarum strains utilized inulin and identified functional inulin operons in their genomes. The proteogenomic data revealed that inulin degradation and uptake routes, which related to thefosRABCDXE operon andpstBCA genes, were widely expressed amongL. plantarum strains. The present work provides a novel understanding of gene regulation and mechanisms of inulin utilization in probioticL. plantarum generating opportunities for synbiotic product development.

applied and environmental microbiology

An Inducible Operon Is Involved in Inulin Utilization in Lactobacillus plantarum Strains, as Revealed by Comparative Proteogenomics and Metabolic Profiling