The High Prevalence and Diversity of Chlamydiales DNA within Ixodes ricinus Ticks Suggest a Role for Ticks as Reservoirs and Vectors of Chlamydia-Related Bacteria

TheChlamydiales order is composed of nine families of strictly intracellular bacteria. Among them,Chlamydia trachomatis ,C. pneumoniae , andC. psittaci are established human pathogens, whereasWaddlia chondrophila andParachlamydia acanthamoebae have emerged as new pathogens in humans. However, despite their medical importance, their biodiversity and ecology remain to be studied. Even if arthropods and, particularly, ticks are well known to be vectors of numerous infectious agents such as viruses and bacteria, virtually nothing is known about ticks and chlamydia. This study investigated the prevalence ofChlamydiae in ticks. Specifically, 62,889Ixodes ricinus ticks, consolidated into 8,534 pools, were sampled in 172 collection sites throughout Switzerland and were investigated using pan-Chlamydiales quantitative PCR (qPCR) for the presence ofChlamydiales DNA. Among the pools, 543 (6.4%) gave positive results and the estimated prevalence in individual ticks was 0.89%. Among those pools with positive results, we obtained 16S rRNA sequences for 359 samples, allowing classification ofChlamydiales DNA at the family level. A high level of biodiversity was observed, since six of the nine families belonging to theChlamydiales order were detected. Those most common wereParachlamydiaceae (33.1%) andRhabdochlamydiaceae (29.2%). “UnclassifiedChlamydiales ” (31.8%) were also often detected. Thanks to the huge amount ofChlamydiales DNA recovered from ticks, this report opens up new perspectives on further work focusing on whole-genome sequencing to increase our knowledge aboutChlamydiales biodiversity. This report of an epidemiological study also demonstrates the presence ofChlamydia -related bacteria withinIxodes ricinus ticks and suggests a role for ticks in the transmission of and as a reservoir for these emerging pathogenicChlamydia -related bacteria.