An Osmoregulatory Mechanism Operating through OmpR and LrhA Controls the Motile-Sessile Switch in the Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterium Pantoea alhagi

Many motile bacterial populations form surface-attached biofilms in response to specific environmental cues, including osmotic stress in a range of natural and host-related systems. However, cross talk between bacterial osmosensing, swimming, and biofilm formation regulatory networks is not fully understood. Here, we report that the pleiotropic regulator LrhA inPantoea alhagi is involved in the regulation of flagellar motility, biofilm formation, and host colonization and responds to osmotic upshift. We further show that this sensing relies on the EnvZ-OmpR two-component system that was known to detect changes in external osmotic stress. The EnvZ-OmpR-LrhA osmosensing signal transduction cascade is proposed to increase bacterial fitness under hyperosmotic conditions inside the host. Our work proposes a novel regulatory mechanism that links osmosensing and motile-sessile lifestyle transitions, which may provide new approaches to prevent or promote the formation of biofilms and host colonization inP. alhagi and other bacteria possessing a similar osmoregulatory mechanism.