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P1 bacteriophages lysogenize bacteria as independent plasmid-like elements. We describe here a P1-like bacteriophage, RCS47, carrying abla SHV-2 gene, isolated from a clinical strain ofEscherichia coli from phylogroup B1, and we report the prevalence of P1-like prophages in naturalE. coli isolates. We found that 70% of the sequence of RCS47, a 115-kb circular molecule, was common to the reference P1 bacteriophage under GenBank accession no.AF234172.1 , with the shared sequences being 99% identical. RCS47 had acquired two main foreign DNA fragments: a 9,636-bp fragment mobilized by two IS26 elements containing abla SHV-2 gene, and an 8,544-bp fragment mobilized by two IS5 elements containing an operon encoding a dimethyl sulfoxide reductase. The reference P1 prophage plasmid replication gene belonged to the IncY incompatibility group, whereas that of RCS47 was from an unknown group. The lytic capacity of RCS47 andbla SHV-2 gene transduction, through the lysogenization of RCS47 in the recipientE. coli strains, were not demonstrated. The prevalence of P1-like prophages in various animal and humanE. coli strain collections, as determined by the PCR detection ofrepL , the lytic replication gene, was 12.6%. No differences in the prevalences of these prophages were found between extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and non-ESBL-producing strains (P = 0.69), but this prevalence was lower in phylogroup B2 than in the other phylogroups (P = 0.008), suggesting epistatic interactions between P1 family phages and the genetic background ofE. coli strains. P1-like phages are part of the mobile elements that carry antibiotic resistance. The high prevalence of P1-like prophages suggests their role may be underestimated.

Characterization of a P1-Like Bacteriophage Carrying an SHV-2 Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase from an Escherichia coli Strain