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It was with great interest that I read the paper “ARG-ANNOT; a New Bioinformatic Tool To Discover Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Bacterial Genomes” by S. K. Gupta et al. (1). Detection of antimicrobial resistance genes in whole-genome sequencing data with a fast and easy-to-use method is important for outbreak investigation, source tracking, diagnostics, and epidemiological surveillance, and further research is highly desirable. ARG-ANNOT is the first database to include detection of point mutations in chromosomic target genes known to be associated with antimicrobial resistance. Even though ARG-ANNOT covers only a segment of all known point mutations, it is a good start. However, I have a few comments regarding the paper. The ARG-ANNOT database contains the gene tetR, which is a regulatory gene and not a resistance gene. Furthermore, the authors of ARG-ANNOT have compared their results with the results of ResFinder (2) and found that the ARGANNOT database contains significantly more genes. The explanation for this is that the original version of ResFinder was unable to detect genes present in multiple copies. However, the current version of ResFinder (online since 1 November 2013) does detect multiple copies of genes (2) and would thus be better suited for comparable evaluations of the databases. The authors of ARG-ANNOT comment that the input sequence has to cover at least two-fifths of the length of an antimicrobial resistance gene in the database, with an identity of 50% (1), before it is detected as a resistance gene by ResFinder, and thus ARG-ANNOT is better for detection of putative new or unknown antimicrobial resistance genes with low similarities. In the current version of ResFinder, it is, in addition, possible to change the default settings, and we now allow down to 30% identity and 20% length coverage. However, when this low coverage and percentage of identity is allowed, one could argue that the specificity will diminish. The default parameters chosen for ResFinder have carefully been chosen to keep the specificity and to avoid unspecific hits. With the default settings, Zankari et al. have compared ResFinder with traditional antimicrobial susceptibility tests using 200 isolates from pigs covering four different bacterial species and observed a 99.74% concordance between predicted and phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility (3). Further studies comparing conventional methods and novel whole-genome sequencing approaches are warranted.

Comparison of the Web Tools ARG-ANNOT and ResFinder for Detection of Resistance Genes in Bacteria