Pharmacokinetics of Levofloxacin in Multidrug- and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients

Pharmacodynamics are especially important in the treatment of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (M/XDR-TB). The free area under the concentration time curve in relation to MIC ( f AUC/MIC) is the most relevant pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD) parameter for predicting the efficacy of levofloxacin (LFX). The objective of our study was to assess LFX PK variability in M/XDR-TB patients and its potential consequence for f AUC/MIC ratios. Patients with pulmonary M/XDR-TB received LFX as part of the treatment regimen at a dose of 15 mg/kg administered once daily. Blood samples obtained at steady state before and 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 12 h after drug administration were measured by validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The MIC values of LFX were determined by the agar dilution method on Middlebrook 7H10 and the MGIT960 system. Twenty patients with a mean age of 31 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 27 to 35 years) were enrolled in this study. The median AUC 0-24 was 98.8 mg/h/liter (IQR = 84.8 to 159.6 mg/h/liter). The MIC median value for LFX was 0.5 mg/liter with a range of 0.25 to 2.0 mg/liter, and the median f AUC 0-24 /MIC ratio was 109.5 (IQR = 48.5 to 399.4). In 4 of the 20 patients, the value was below the target value of ≥100. When MICs of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/liter were applicable, 19, 18, 3, and no patients, respectively, had an f AUC/MIC ratio that exceeded 100. We observed a large variability in AUC. An f AUC 0-24 /MIC of ≥100 was only observed when the MIC values for LFX were 0.25 to 0.5 mg/liter. Dosages exceeding 15 mg/kg should be considered for target attainment if exposures are assumed to be safe. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT02169141.).