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B cells undergo two types of genomic alterations to increase antibody diversity: introduction of point mutations into immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain ( IgH and IgL ) variable regions by somatic hypermutation (SHM) and alteration of antibody effector functions by changing the expressed IgH constant region exons through IgH class switch recombination (CSR). SHM and CSR require the B cell-specific activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) protein, the transcription of germline noncoding RNAs, and the activity of the 3' regulatory region (3'RR) super-enhancer. Although many transcription regulatory elements (e.g., promoters and enhancers) reside inside the IgH and IgL sequences, the question remains whether clusters of regulatory elements outside IgH control CSR. Using RNA exosome-deficient mouse B cells where long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are easily detected, we identified a cluster of three RNA-expressing elements that includes lncCSR IgA  (that expresses lncRNA-CSR IgA ). B cells isolated from a mouse model lacking lncRNA-CSR IgA transcription fail to undergo normal levels of CSR to IgA both in B cells of the Peyer's patches and grown in ex vivo culture conditions. lncRNA-CSR IgA is expressed from an enhancer site ( lncCSR IgA  ) to facilitate the recruitment of regulatory proteins to a nearby CTCF site (CTCF lncCSR ) that alters the chromosomal interactions inside the TAD lncCSRIgA and long-range interactions with the 3'RR super-enhancer. Humans with IgA deficiency show polymorphisms in the lncCSR IgA  locus compared with the normal population. Thus, we provide evidence for an evolutionarily conserved topologically associated domain (TAD lncCSRIgA ) that coordinates IgA CSR in Peyer's patch B cells through an lncRNA (lncRNA-CSR IgA ) transcription-dependent mechanism.

Noncoding RNA transcription alters chromosomal topology to promote isotype-specific class switch recombination