Hermaphroditism inDendraster

The decerebration of the pigeon has been successfully accomplished by numerous investigators. Rolando (1809), Flourens (1822), Munk (1883), Shrader (1889), Rogers (1916 and 1922-23), and others have contributed much to our knowledge of the operative technique and the resultant behavior of the decerebrate bird. Rolando -(1809) showed that decerebrate pigeons could be kept alive for a long period of time after extensive destruction of the cerebrum, the birds exhibiting a sleep-like attitude until they were destroyed. Flourens (1822) decerebrated pigeons and chickens. After the result of his experimental work, he concluded that the seat of intelligence, will, etc., was in the cerebrum; that the senses, reception and conveying of the sense impressions were entirely separate; e.g. the sense of sight in the corpora bigemina. The decerebrate animal could not use its senses because it lacked perception. In contrast to these workers Shrader (1889) stated, "None of my observation birds have showed longer than the first three or four days, that sleep-like attitude." He observed that decerebrate pigeons did not feed since this act apparently depended on portions of the frontal brain or perhaps on parts of the middle brain. Munk (1883) studying the functions of the cerebral cortex of pigeons states, " I cannot agree with the oft repeated recommendation to use young animals. I have had the best success with older pigeons and finally used older ones for the experiment. j m 1 i s t give warning against preparing the birds through long starvation and thirst to decrease hemorrhage, because as a result of such procedure the animal has not enough resistance and easily collapses from weakness. It is enough to keep nourishment away for eighteen hours." The ability of an apparently decerebrate bird to regain the complex reflexes of eating and drinking was studied by Munk (1883) and Shrader (1889). These workers concluded that basal parts of the corpora striata were present. In a recent