Nonadiabatic reaction dynamics to silicon monosulfide (SiS): A key molecular building block to sulfur-rich interstellar grains

Sulfur- and silicon-containing molecules are omnipresent in interstellar and circumstellar environments, but their elementary formation mechanisms have been obscure. These routes are of vital significance in starting a chain of chemical reactions ultimately forming (organo) sulfur molecules-among them precursors to sulfur-bearing amino acids and grains. Here, we expose via laboratory experiments, computations, and astrochemical modeling that the silicon-sulfur chemistry can be initiated through the gas-phase reaction of atomic silicon with hydrogen sulfide leading to silicon monosulfide (SiS) via nonadiabatic reaction dynamics. The facile pathway to the simplest silicon and sulfur diatomic provides compelling evidence for the origin of silicon monosulfide in star-forming regions and aids our understanding of the nonadiabatic reaction dynamics, which control the outcome of the gas-phase formation in deep space, thus expanding our view about the life cycle of sulfur in the galaxy.