Abrupt but smaller than expected changes in surface air quality attributable to COVID-19 lockdowns

The COVID-19 lockdowns led to major reductions in air pollutant emissions. Here, we quantitatively evaluate changes in ambient NO 2 , O 3 , and PM 2.5 concentrations arising from these emission changes in 11 cities globally by applying a deweathering machine learning technique. Sudden decreases in deweathered NO 2 concentrations and increases in O 3 were observed in almost all cities. However, the decline in NO 2 concentrations attributable to the lockdowns was not as large as expected, at reductions of 10 to 50%. Accordingly, O 3 increased by 2 to 30% (except for London), the total gaseous oxidant (O x = NO 2 + O 3 ) showed limited change, and PM 2.5 concentrations decreased in most cities studied but increased in London and Paris. Our results demonstrate the need for a sophisticated analysis to quantify air quality impacts of interventions and indicate that true air quality improvements were notably more limited than some earlier reports or observational data suggested.