The benefits of grouping as a main driver of social evolution in a halictine bee

Over the past decade, the cause of sociality has been much debated. Inclusive fitness [ in Hamilton's rule ( - > 0)] has been criticized but is still useful in the organization of a framework by elucidating mechanisms through which (benefit × relatedness) becomes larger than (cost). The bee is suitable for investigation of this issue because of the sympatric occurrence of both social and solitary nesting in its populations. We show that a large part (approximately 92%) of the inclusive fitness of a eusocial worker can be attributed to the benefits of grouping. A 1.5-fold relatedness asymmetry benefit in singly mated haplo-diploids explains a small part (approximately 8.5%) of the observed inclusive fitness. Sociality enables this species to conduct foraging and nest defense simultaneously, which is not the case in solitary nests. Our results indicate that this benefit of grouping is the main source of the increased inclusive fitness of eusocial workers.