Lloyd’s mirror effect in fin whale calls and its use to infer the depth of vocalizing animals

The ocean acoustic Lloyd’s Mirror effect (LME) is produced by interference between the direct-path and the sea surface phase-reversed reflection of a sound as observed at a receiver. It results in a frequency-dependent interference pattern that can be observed in a spectrogram. Many studies have found variations of spectral characteristics of the 20 Hz ‘regular’ fin whale call, which seem to reflect geographic differences. However, variability of spectral measurements may occur due to the LME. Using a bout of regular calls with estimated ranges, our study aimed to: 1) show and analyze differences of call features due to the LME; and 2) estimate the depth of the vocalizing whale. The composite spectrogram showed that different spectral characteristics of the calls could be identified within the same bout. We developed transmission loss models considering the LME for a fin whale call generated close to the surface and recorded at the sea bottom by an instrument. Our results suggested that some differences m...