Open AccessNatural language watermarking: Challenges in building a practical system
Author(s) -
Mercan Topkara,
Giuseppe Riccardi,
Dilek HakkaniTür,
Mikhail J. Atallah
Publication year - 2006
Publication title -
proceedings of spie, the international society for optical engineering/proceedings of spie
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Conference proceedings
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.192
H-Index - 176
eISSN - 1996-756X
pISSN - 0277-786X
DOI - 10.1117/12.643560
Subject(s) - computer science , digital watermarking , machine translation , natural language processing , watermark , artificial intelligence , natural language , metric (unit) , embedding , bleu , natural (archaeology) , natural language generation , natural language programming , universal networking language , language identification , translation (biology) , speech recognition , image (mathematics) , biochemistry , operations management , chemistry , archaeology , comprehension approach , messenger rna , gene , economics , history
This paper gives an overview of the research and implementation challenges we encountered in building an endto-end natural language processing based watermarking system. With natural language watermarking, we mean embedding the watermark into a text document, using the natural language components as the carrier, in such a way that the modifications are imperceptible to the readers and the embedded,information is robust against possible attacks. Of particular interest is using the structure of the sentences in natural language text in order to insert the watermark. We evaluated the quality of the watermarked text using an objective evaluation metric, the BLEU score. BLEU scoring is commonly,used in the statistical machine translation community. Our current system prototype achieves 0.45 BLEU score on a scale [0,1].
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