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While a majority of accidents and malfunctions in complex engineered systems are attributed to human error, a closer inspection would reveal that such mishaps often emerge as a result of complex interactions between the human- and component-related vulnerabilities. To fully understand and mitigate potential risks, the effects of such interactions between component failures and human errors (in addition to their independent effects) need to be considered early. Specifically, to facilitate risk-based design, severity of such failures need to be quantified early in the design process to determine overall risk and prioritize the most important hazards. However, existing risk assessment methods either quantify the risk of component failures or human errors in isolation or are only applicable during later design stages. This work intends to overcome this limitation by introducing an expected cost model to the Human Error and Functional Failure Reasoning (HEFFR) framework to facilitate the quantification of the effects of human error and component failures acting in tandem. This approach will allow designers to assess the risk of hazards emerging from human- and component-related failures occurring in combination and identify worst-case fault scenarios. A coolant tank case study is used to demonstrate this approach. The results show that the proposed approach can help designers quantify the effects of human error and component failures acting alone and in tandem, identify worst-case scenarios, and improve human-product interactions. However, the underlying likelihood and cost models are subject to uncertainties which may affect the assessments.

Quantifying the Combined Effects of Human Errors and Component Failures