Correlation Between Pressure Recovery of Highly Loaded Annular Diffusers and Integral Stage Design Parameters1

Exhaust diffusers significantly enhance the available power output and efficiency of gas and steam turbines by allowing lower turbine exit pressures. The residual dynamic pressure of the turbine outflow is converted into static pressure, which is referred to as pressure recovery. Since total pressure losses and construction costs increase drastically with diffuser length, it is strongly preferred to design shorter diffusers with steeper opening angles. However, these designs are more susceptible to boundary layer separation. In this paper, the stabilizing properties of tip leakage vortices generated in the last rotor row and their effect on the boundary layer characteristics are examined. Based on analytical considerations, for the first time, a correlation between the pressure recovery of the diffuser and the integral rotor parameters of the last stage, namely, the loading coefficient, flow coefficient, and reduced frequency, is established. Experimental data and scale-resolving simulations, carried out with the shear stress transport scale-adaptive simulation (SST-SAS) method, both show excellent agreement with the correlation. Blade tip vortex strength predominantly depends on the amount of work exchanged between fluid and rotor, which in turn is described by the nondimensional loading coefficient. The flow coefficient influences mainly the orientation of the vortex, which affects the interaction between vortex and boundary layer. The induced velocity field accelerates the boundary layer, essentially reducing the thickness of the separated layer or even preventing separation locally.