Open AccessGeographical distribution and evolutionary divergence times of A sian populations of the brine shrimp A rtemia ( C rustacea, A nostraca)
Author(s) -
Eimanifar Amin,
Van Stappen Gilbert,
Wink Michael
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
zoological journal of the linnean society
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.148
H-Index - 83
eISSN - 1096-3642
pISSN - 0024-4082
DOI - 10.1111/zoj.12242
Subject(s) - biology , anostraca , brine shrimp , molecular clock , evolutionary biology , phylogenetic tree , population , zoology , phylogeography , phylogenetics , clade , ecology , branchiopoda , crustacean , genetics , cladocera , demography , sociology , gene
The brine shrimp A rtemia represents a widespread genus of microcrustaceans adapted to hypersaline environments. The species of this genus have been the subject of numerous phylogenetic studies, but many open questions remain, especially for E urasian A rtemia lineages. A rtemia sinica Cai, 1989 and A rtemia tibetiana have a restricted geographical distribution, whereas the E urasian haplotype complex ( EHC ) and especially A rtemia urmiana Günther, 1899 show wider ranges. We examined the geographic distribution, evolutionary age, and historical demography of the A sian A rtemia lineages ( A . urmiana , A . sinica , A . tibetiana , and the E urasian haplotype complex) using samples from 39 geographical localities and based on the nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I ( COI ) gene. A sian A rtemia taxa clusters into four distinctive clades with high nodal support, consisting of 69 unique haplotypes. A star‐like haplotype pattern was visible in EHC lineages (comprising pathenogenetic populations), which were genetically close to two sexual species, A . urmiana and A . tibetiana . The Bayesian approach of molecular clock estimation indicated that A . sinica had already diverged in the late Miocene (19.99 Mya), whereas A . urmiana , A . tibetiana , and EHC shared a common ancestor in the late Pliocene (5.41 Mya). Neutrality tests indicated a recent population expansion in A . urmiana and EHC lineages. The diversification within A . urmiana and EHC lineages occurred in the Pleistocene (1.72 Mya) and Holocene (0.84 Mya), respectively. Overall, these results suggest a much longer evolutionary history of A . sinica and the possible evolutionary origin of EHC lineages from A sian sexual ancestors. Our findings point to the importance of species structure and divergence time variations of A sian A rtemia , highlighting interspecific diversification and range expansion of local species in A sia. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London