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Nuclear entry and egress of parvoviruses
Author(s) -
Mattola Salla,
Aho Vesa,
BustamanteJaramillo Luisa F.,
Pizzioli Edoardo,
Kann Michael,
VihinenRanta Maija
Publication year - 2022
Publication title -
molecular microbiology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.857
H-Index - 247
eISSN - 1365-2958
pISSN - 0950-382X
DOI - 10.1111/mmi.14974
Subject(s) - biology , capsid , nuclear transport , microbiology and biotechnology , minute virus of mice , nuclear lamina , cell nucleus , parvovirus , nuclear export signal , nuclear pore , viral replication , nuclear protein , virology , parvoviridae , genetics , virus , nucleus , gene , transcription factor
Parvoviruses are small non‐enveloped single‐stranded DNA viruses, which depend on host cell nuclear transcriptional and replication machinery. After endosomal exposure of nuclear localization sequence and a phospholipase A 2 domain on the capsid surface, and escape into the cytosol, parvovirus capsids enter the nucleus. Due to the small capsid diameter of 18–26 nm, intact capsids can potentially pass into the nucleus through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). This might be facilitated by active nuclear import, but capsids may also follow an alternative entry pathway that includes activation of mitotic factors and local transient disruption of the nuclear envelope. The nuclear entry is followed by currently undefined events of viral genome uncoating. After genome release, viral replication compartments are initiated and infection proceeds. Parvoviral genomes replicate during cellular S phase followed by nuclear capsid assembly during virus‐induced S/G2 cell cycle arrest. Nuclear egress of capsids occurs upon nuclear envelope degradation during apoptosis and cell lysis. An alternative pathway for nuclear export has been described using active transport through the NPC mediated by the chromosome region maintenance 1 protein, CRM1, which is enhanced by phosphorylation of the N‐terminal domain of VP2. However, other alternative but not yet uncharacterized nuclear export pathways cannot be excluded.