Open AccessPolypeptide cytolytic toxins from sea anemones ( Actiniaria )
Author(s) -
Maček Peter
Publication year - 1992
Publication title -
fems microbiology letters
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.899
H-Index - 151
eISSN - 1574-6968
pISSN - 0378-1097
DOI - 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05894.x
Subject(s) - biology , sea anemone , venom , cytolysis , molecular mass , cytolysin , sphingomyelin , pore forming toxin , nematocyst , cnidocyte , biochemistry , microbiology and biotechnology , cytotoxicity , membrane , cnidaria , toxin , ecology , gene , microbial toxins , coral , virulence , in vitro , enzyme
Biochemical and biological properties of 30 cytolytic polypeptide toxins isolated from 18 species of sea anemones ( Actiniaria ) are presented and classified into three groups according to their molecular mass, isoelectric points and the molecular mechanism of action. Phospholipase A 2 ‐like toxins (30 kDa) from Aiptasia pallida are dissimilar to acidic metridiolysin (80 kDa) from Metridium senile and the group of about 27 predominantly basic toxins, having a molecular mass of 16–20 or 10 kDa, inhibited by sphingomyelin. They are lethal for both invertebrates and vertebrates, cardiotoxic, cutolytic and cytotoxic. Pharmacological activities, cytotoxic and cytolytic properties are mediated, at least in part, by forming pores in lipid membranes. Channels, 1–2 nm in diameter, formed in planar lipid membranes are cation selective and rectified. The mechanisms and some characteristics of ion channel formation by the toxins in the cells as well as in artificial lipid membranes are summarized and discussed in view of the structure‐function studies of the toxins. Putative biological roles of toxins, based on their channel‐forming activity, in the capture and killing of prey, digestion, repelling of predators and intraspecific spatial competition are suggested.