Contraception as Development? New Evidence from Family Planning in Colombia *

There has been considerable debate in the last decade about whether or not family planning programmes in developing countries reduce fertility or improve socio‐economic outcomes. This article provides new evidence by studying the expansion of one of the world's oldest and largest family planning organisations – Profamilia of Colombia. It finds that family planning explains less than 10% of Colombia's fertility decline during its demographic transition. As in wealthy countries, however, lowering the costs of first birth postponement produced important socio‐economic gains, enabling young women to obtain more education and to work more and live independently later in life.